Journals & Publications
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US Bombing and Afghan Civilian Deaths :: Khyber.ORG
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D.N. MACKENZIE, A Standard Pashto |
Among modern Iranian languages, other
than Persian, Pashto shares pride of place with Kurdish as regards both area
of territory and number of speakers. Both languages, moreover, are prolific in
dialects, but there any similarity ends. The features differentiating one Kurdish dialect from the next are mainly
morphological. The differences are also progressive, in the sense that when
dialect II differs from dialect I in only one feature, the next further
dialect III will differ from I in both this and some other feature, or
features. It can be said, in other words, that the extent of the morphological
differences between any number of Kurdish dialects is roughly proportional to
the distances between them. One obvious effect of this phenomenon is that to
this day no standard Kurdish has emerged as a literary vehicle with any wide
scope or vogue.
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H. PENZL., Western Loan Words in Pashto |
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One of the most interesting lexical problems in the modern languages of
Asia is the influence of western culture and modern technology on the
vocabulary. Pashto is the language spoken mostly in the east, south, and
southwest of Afghanistan, the northwest of West Pakistan and in the
border area between the two countries; it is beside Persian the official
language of Afghanistan, but only a regional language in Pakistan, which
favors Urdu. A major part of the learned and scientific vocabulary of
Pashto has been derived from the Persian-Arabic tradition, and the
number and status of these loans troubled lexicographers in the past.
This study will deal with the loanwords from English, French, and German
found in the modern literary language and in the educated speech of
Afghanistan. |
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H. MAHMOOD., Deforestation in NWFP |
According to Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) there are an estimated 187
million ha of plantation world wide, representing 5% of global forest area.
Asia has by far the largest forest plantation estate of any region, accounting
for 62% of the world’s forest plantation. The ten countries with the largest
reported areas of forest plantation together account for 80% of the Global
forest condition area. About 60% of the forest plantations are located in only
four countries, i.e. China, India, Russian Federation and the United States of
America.
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V. MINORSKY., The Khalaj West of the Oxus |
 Muslim
authors agree that the Khalaj are one of the earliest tribes to have
crossed the Oxus. In addition to I. Khurdadhbih whom we have quoted
above, Istakhri (circa AD 930) says: “The Khalaj are a class of Turks
who in the days of the old (fi qadim al-ayyam) came to the country
stretching between India and the districts of Sijistan, behind Ghur. |
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P. G. KREYENBROEK., Folk Poetry in Iranian
Languages |
 The
term 'folk poetry' can be properly used for texts which have some
characteristics marking them as poetry and belong to the tradition of
the common people, as against the dominant 'polite' literary culture of
the area. Given the breadth of this definition no comprehensive,
detailed study of all folk poetry in Iranian languages is possible. All
that our present state of knowledge allows is a general survey of
characteristic aspects of the most important types and genres of folk
poetry in Iranian languages. Little is known about pre-Islamic Iranian
folk poetry. This article will therefore focus on those modern
traditions which have been most fully described, i.e., on Persian,
Tajiki, Kurdish, Pashto, and Baluchi folk poetry, with some reference to
Ossetic. |
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